From the Baltimore Sun via the Star Tribune, by Dennis O'Brien
Greenhouse gases are warming up our oceans, changing their chemistry and
threatening rainfall patterns that provide the planet with its fresh
water, scientists say.
The gases that cause global warming are sometimes given as factors in
problems ranging from the strength of hurricanes to altered wildlife
habitats. But in what may be the most comprehensive look yet at the
oceans, a group of researchers recently told a scientific conference that
the marine effect is just as severe.
"In terms of global warming, the oceans are where the action is," said Tim
Barnett, an oceanographer at the Scripps Oceanographic Institution. "The
oceans are sort of a canary in the coal mine."
The 1990s turned out to be the warmest decade in the past 1,000 years,
experts say.
Researchers have studied ocean warming for decades. But their efforts have
gained momentum in recent years with improvements in their equipment.
Scientists here and abroad have expanded their network of ocean detectors,
dropping sensitive probes in seas around the world where they sink up to
6,000 feet and rise automatically to transmit by satellite the
temperatures, salt content and oxygen levels at various depths.
The first of 1,600 such profiling floats began collecting data a few years
ago as part of an international effort to probe changing conditions, said
Sydney Levitus, director of the ocean climate laboratory of the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAO).
Research and merchant ships also collect data. But the floating detectors
-- about half of them maintained by the United States -- provide a steady
stream of reliable data that arrives every 10 days.
"We're getting data in areas where the ships just don't go, places like
the Labrador Sea in winter or off South America," Levitus said.
Researchers say the detectors are confirming what computer models have
long predicted: that man-made greenhouse gases are warming the seas. A
group of researchers presented findings last month at the American
Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) conference in Washington.
Greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide emitted from power plants and
automobiles, are trapping heat in the atmosphere, experts say. The result
is a warmer planet, with melting glaciers and arctic ice sheets sending an
unprecedented flow of fresh water into fragile saltwater habitats.
The upper two miles of the oceans have warmed by about 0.11 degree
Fahrenheit since the 1950s and a total of 1.2 degrees in the past 100
years, according to NOAA.
Less and more salty
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, an international group of
scientists, has projected that sea levels will rise up to about 3 feet by
2100.
Since 1965, a volume of water equivalent to the Great Lakes has melted in
polar regions and flowed into the world's oceans, making them less salty,
said Ruth Curry, a researcher at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
Meanwhile, in tropical oceans, the warmer temperatures are increasing
evaporation rates, making them saltier, she said.
An increase in tropical evaporation could also alter the natural cycle of
rainfall and evaporation that supplies us with fresh water and brings warm
air into the Northern Hemisphere, she said.
In a feature peculiar to the North Atlantic, cold, salty surface waters
sink to deeper levels, driving a system called the Ocean Conveyor. It
draws warm Gulf Stream waters northward in the Atlantic, moderating winter
temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere.
Meanwhile, evaporation concentrates salt in the tropical Atlantic.
Scientists say that if global warming accelerates that process, the
tropical Atlantic may become too salty and the Ocean Conveyor could slow
down. That, in turn, could bring droughts and much colder temperatures to
northern areas.
"It has the potential to affect not only fish and a lot of other kinds of
marine life, but the ecological systems that depend on them for survival,"
Curry said.
In his study, Barnett compared temperature and salinity measurements over
the past 40 years with estimates made by computer models that factored in
human-induced carbon dioxide levels.
'It was scary'
The measurements of ocean conditions -- taken with the enhanced network of
probes and by detectors on research ships -- were nearly identical to
models projecting results based on human-induced global warming, he said.
The results show that greenhouse gases created by humans are a major
factor in warming the oceans, he said.
"Frankly, it was scary," Barnett told a group at the AAAS conference.
Scientists have long complained that the Bush administration has ignored
global warming by arguing that there is insufficient evidence to show that
it's caused by humans.
Barnett said the time for arguments is over. The problem of global warming
requires a scientific approach similar to the Manhattan Project, the
effort organized during World War II to develop the atomic bomb, he said.
"The culprit responsible for warming has been identified. As far as I'm
concerned the debate's over. What we need to be debating is what we're
going to do about it," he said.
Robert Hopkins, a spokesman for the White House Office of Science and
Technology Policy, said the administration spent $5 billion last year on
climate-change research.
He said the government also plans to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 18
percent over the next decade and work with the United Nations to find ways
to reduce worldwide emissions. Atmospheric concentrations of carbon
dioxide are more than 370 parts per million today, a one-third increase
from pre-industrial levels.
Richard Feely, a NOAA researcher, said that coral reefs in tropical seas
are already being damaged.
He said higher levels of carbon dioxide are forming carbonic acid in
seawater that interferes with the production of coral reefs, an integral
part of the marine food chain. Exactly which species of corals are most
vulnerable remains unknown, he said.
"Certain species seem to adapt and others don't," Feely said. But he
added: "There's no winners in this."
